Violence against Women

Presentation The United Nations characterizes viciousness against ladies as any sex based brutality that prompts or is probably going to bring about sexual mischief, mental damage or some other sort of enduring to ladies. This incorporates dangers, compulsion or discretionary hardship of freedom either in private or open life (The UN Declaration on Violence Against Women 1992). Bardwell (2010) portrays savagery against ladies as the most inescapable infringement of human rights on the planet. Brutality against ladies bears critical expenses for the general public, people, open administrations and the economy in general. The pervasiveness of viciousness against ladies and young ladies in England is more than that of diabetes, stroke and heart maladies (Adams 2010).). The figures distributed by the Office for National Statistics from 2012 to 2013 assessed that roughly 1.2 million ladies experienced household misuse and other 330,000 were explicitly attacked. Sexual viciousness and aggressive behavi or at home are as a rule covered up in light of the fact that the casualties decide to endure peacefully or are reluctant to come out and report (Riecher-Ro?ssler and Garci?a-Moreno 2013).). Viciousness against ladies and young ladies is perceived all inclusive as an infringement of basic human rights that incorporate the privilege to non-segregation dependent on sex, option to not be dealt with brutally and degradingly, option to regard for private and family life and right to life (Bird and Westley 2011). The 1995 Beijing Platform for Action to which the United Kingdom is submitted, states that savagery against ladies is one of the significant obstructions to the accomplishment of sexual orientation equity. In spite of the fact that the United Kingdom. The United Nations Committee and the European Court of Human Rights on the disposal of oppression ladies perceives brutality against ladies as a type of segregation. The United Kingdom has a commitment to practice due persistence to forestall viciousness against ladies under the European Convention on Human Rights. Under the Beijing Platform and the Convention, the nation has a commitment to change generalizations, socie ties and perspectives that sustain sex disparity. In the UK the new open area equity obligation under the Equality Act of 2010 requires every single open body to think about uniformity, separation and great relations between bunches in the manner they detail strategy, utilize individuals, purchase products and enterprises and convey administrations. This implies all the open bodies have a commitment to forestall brutality against ladies. Brutality against ladies intentional part The willful area offers significant types of assistance to help and secure the casualties of brutality against ladies. The associations in the willful area attempting to end the savagery coordinated towards ladies in the United Kingdom challenge the framework that takes into consideration viciousness and maltreatment to proceed in the nation and simultaneously commend the ladies who have endure such fierce. The intentional division generally seeks after proactive avoidance gauges that can be sorted into three significant gatherings relying upon the objective populace (Stark and Buzawa 2009). The principal bunch comprises of the general estimates coordinated at certain populace gatherings or the entire populace. For example a portion of the deliberate gatherings use study courses in forestalling brutality against ladies for understudies and media battles focusing on explicit gatherings of youngsters. The subsequent class includes focused on measures coordinated at explicit high hazard bunches for example instructing the military on the significance of regarding the privileges of ladies and all other people. The last class comprises of the measures coordinated at the people who have just been exposed to brutality before with an aim of keeping them from submitting the viciousness once more. For instance they give restoration projects to the culprits of savagery to instruct them on the significance of regarding the privileges of ladies and human rights as a rule. Instructive organizations and schools have been steady of the intentional part as they permit them to get to the understudies and teach them on the unfriendly impacts of brutality against ladies. Notwithstanding that, these foundations likewise give uncommon consideration to vicious conduct the extent that the government assistance of the understudies is concerned. The willful area sorts out mindfulness battles focusing on ladies to illuminate them that men are liable for every one of their demonstrations of brutality and that such viciousness is unlawful and as such ought to be accounted for and rebuffed. Such activities are planned for urging more ladies to come out and report the viciousness that they endure secretly at home so as to shield them from rehashed ambushes which can wind up costing their lives over the long haul. The battles additionally urge the men to look at and challenge any social directions that propagate savagery against ladies. The projects coordinated at the y oungsters have especially been remunerating as it has decreased brutality in learning foundations in spite of the fact that there is despite everything need to accomplish more (Hughes and Owen 2009). The intentional associations regularly target giving training to the youngsters to address the framework. The vast majority of these associations accept that it is the framework to fault for the high paces of savagery against ladies in light of the fact that the general public isn't adequately taught on the requirement for regarding the fundamental human rights in this way prompting the infringement of the privileges of ladies through battery and sexual brutality (Harne and Radford 2008). As such they direct a great deal of their exertion in teaching the youngsters at an age where the personality of their sex is simply beginning to come to fruition and can without much of a stretch be affected. For instance the 16-20 age bunches are frequently convinced to remain in affection and regard their accomplices so as to lessen fierce conduct in associations. The accentuation is that in the event that they truly love their accomplices, at that point they ought to consistently endeavor to make them upbeat and not take part in any demonstrations that would hurt them. Such projects are regularly directed in various networks including youth affiliations, schools and sports clubs. As far as ensuring the migrant network, the intentional associations frequently seek after exhaustive mix as the best procedure for forestalling them against viciousness. The point of complete coordination isn't simply to assist them with securing positions and settle however to assist them with reestablishing their feeling of life control. One method of helping the outsiders accomplish this is by giving them data, backing and direction in the beginning times of incorporation. The intentional associations regularly do this as for their social foundations so as to guarantee that they don't see the procedure as one intended to constrain them surrender their societies. The mediation programs focusing on the worker bunches are ordinarily all around built so as to consider their social foundations just as the various difficulties that accompany the procedure of migration and reconciliation. A portion of the workers coming into the nation are from nations with man centric and hierarchic so cial structures where the privilege of ladies as to uniformity is something that has never existed both in principle and practice. For example the young ladies who go to the nation from societies that don't prohibit viciousness against ladies regularly live under a few limitations (DeKeseredy 2011). Such limitations make the mix procedure exceptionally troublesome not to mention access to data on physical and sexual viciousness. In these gatherings a few guardians on occasion deny their little girls from utilizing the web, taking part in recreation exercises, meeting young men or doing whatever other things that their companions are doing and they may likewise wish to take part in. The intentional associations regularly discourage the foreigner networks with such societies from sending their young ladies to different nations so as to shield their sexual notoriety. Despite the fact that the gendered wonder is taught profound into their way of life, these associations focus on the guardians from this gathering with a point of educating them on the risks they open their little girls to by compelling them to move to different nations. Frequencies of constrained or early relationships are likewise regular among these individuals and this builds the danger of the ladies and young ladies being presented to savagery since they don't have through and through freedom since all choices are made for them by others. So as to stop such conduct and secure the ladies and the little youngsters, the willful associations regularly offer low limit administrations and exercises just as companion bolster gatherings to illuminate the populace on the accessibility regarding such admin istrations with the goal that they realize where to go to at whatever point they need any sort of help. Marriage is a willful association under the UK enactment and all the marriage systems should ensure the opportunity of decision of the considerable number of people included. The willful associations frequently give the outsiders data with respect to sexual orientation equity, results of abusive behavior at home and assault, and where to report such occurrences at whatever point they are executed. Friend bunches are one powerful channel that the intentional associations use in passing data in regards to perspectives like government assistance, prosperity, life control and avoidance of brutality against ladies. These gatherings are proficient in that the individuals are as a rule allowed to examine their own difficulties with their associates making it simple for the intentional associations to offer assistance and help to the casualties of viciousness against ladies. To the casual ties of savagery, the intentional associations typically offer them support just as treatment to assist them with recuperating from the injury brought about by the viciousness. The help is ordinarily offered together with other wellbeing administrations in chose conditions to enable the casualties to recoup in the most limited time conceivable and continue their ordinary life exercises (Thiara et al 2012). What's more, the deliberate associations additionally help the casualties to utilize the lawful framework by announcing the guilty parties to the specialists so

Research Proposal Writing

Research Proposal WritingWhether you are a PhD student seeking funding to do your research or you are an academe executive seeking academic venture capital, a research proposal is vital to the success of your research. Your proposal will help to establish who you are and what you will study; this can be a hard step for most people to take, especially for PhD students, but it is well worth it. If you choose to do your research as a PhD student, you will have a more personal touch to your research, but it will also require you to be in contact with someone on a much longer time frame.You may find that your institution requires a full research proposal to begin your tenure. This means that the proposal must include your name, your affiliation and your title and the institution must approve your research plan. Generally this is only done for people who have an outstanding record of research. If you want to start your own research proposal writing company, check with your academic adminis trators to make sure you understand this process and what you are expected to provide.Many PhD students begin their research proposals based on their interests in business sense. If you are in the science department and are looking to do research on the impact of disease on community members or how modern society interacts with nature, there are many avenues that you can pursue. You may choose to do social science research or you may wish to pursue studying engineering, human behavior or ecology. When you write a good research proposal for yourself, it helps to recognize the fact that what you have to say has a lot to do with your career, and that it will be on the minds of your colleagues long after you have left the program.Search your area and consider the key phrases that your colleagues use when they need to get something done quickly. This can be a great place to begin your research proposal writing skills. The phrases 'business intelligence'network marketing' are two phrases that can be used to identify a unique approach to what you are doing. For example, if you are researching and writing about network marketing, it can help to research 'big network marketing' which describes your focus and background.If you are doing your own research proposal, it can be helpful to take a break from the concept or topic of your topic and go back to a simpler time. A simple idea can turn into a beautiful research proposal. Start with an interesting question that you can't find a real answer to. Once you have a well thought out question, the next step is to brainstorm. Get a feel for how people think and what they think about.It can be helpful to participate in research that makes you think outside the box and to look for sources that will lead you to the answers to your question, such as news articles or forum discussions. You might also learn some information from your peers or by going online and looking up what others have said about a topic. While you're at it, yo u might want to think about how you can use the Internet to help your research to move along.Your paper can be any style you choose, but the content should be fresh and unique. Try to keep it to one page at a time. Leave out unnecessary details and take care to not say anything that could be taken out later on in the proposal. Also, make sure you leave room for comments so that you can receive feedback on your paper.Each and every paper that you write, whether it is a thesis, dissertation, project, case report or any other possible form of academic writing, will have a key to how it turns out. In order to do this, you will need to make sure that you have a solid plan for completing the tasks that are listed above. You will also want to look for reference books written by professionals and keep them on hand so that you can refer to them anytime you need to or you run into a problem.

Definition and Examples of Maxims

Definition and Examples of Maxims Saying, maxim, dwarf, truism, apothegm, sententia―all of these terms mean basically something very similar: a short, handily recollected articulation of an essential standard, general truth or rule of lead. Think about an adage as a piece of wisdom―or in any event of obvious astuteness. Proverbs are all inclusive and vouch for the shared characteristic of human presence. It is regularly hard to tell whether a saying implies something, or something implies maxim.â -  Robert Benchley, Maxims from the Chinese Sayings are dubious gadgets. As Benchley proposes in his comic chiasmus, they for the most part stable really persuading in any event until an opposite saying tags along. Look before you jump, we state with conviction. That is, until we recall that he who dithers is lost. Instances of Dueling Maxims English is loaded with such opposite adages (or, as we want to call them, dueling proverbs): The greater the better/Good things come in little packages.Whats useful for the goose is useful for the gander. /One keeps an eye on meat is another keeps an eye on poison.Birds of a plume run together./Opposites attract.Actions talk stronger than words. /The pen is mightier than the sword.Youre never too old to even think about learning. /You cannot show an old canine new tricks.All beneficial things go to the individuals who pause. /Time and tide sit tight for no man.Many hands make light work. /Too numerous cooks ruin the broth.Absence causes the heart to become fonder. /beyond anyone's ability to see, out of mind.Its preferable to be protected over heartbroken. /Nothing wandered, nothing picked up. As William Mathews stated, All sayings have their foe adages; axioms ought to be sold two by two, a solitary one being nevertheless a misleading statement. Adages as Strategies Be that as it may, at that point, we may solicit, what is the idea of certifiable truth? In his article Literature as Equipment for Living, rhetorician Kenneth Burke contended that axioms are systems intended for managing situationsfor comfort or retribution, for rebuke or appeal, for predicting. Furthermore, various circumstances call for various sayings: The obvious logical inconsistencies rely on contrasts in mentality , including a correspondingly extraordinary decision of system . Consider, for example, the evidently inverse pair: Repentance comes past the point of no return and Never past the point where it is possible to patch. The first is admonitory. It says in actuality: Youd better post, or youll get yourself excessively far into this business. The second is consolatory, saying basically: Buck up, elderly person, you can in any case pull out of this. ( The Philosophy of Literary Form, third release, Louisiana State University Press, 1967) Proverbs in an Oral Culture Regardless, the proverb is a helpful gadget, particularly for individuals in predominately oral culturesthose that depend on discourse as opposed to writing to go along information. A portion of the normal complex highlights of sayings (includes that assist us with recollecting that them) incorporate parallelism, direct opposite, chiasmus, similar sounding word usage, oddity, hyperboleâ and ellipsis. The Rhetoric of Aristotle As indicated by Aristotle in his Rhetoric, the saying is likewise an influential gadget, persuading audience members by passing on an impression of intelligence and experience. Since sayings are so normal, he says, They appear to be valid, as though everybody concurred. Yet, that doesnt imply that we all have earned the option to utilize sayings. Theres a base age prerequisite, Aristotle lets us know: Talking in sayings is fitting to those more seasoned in years and on subjects of which one is experienced, since to talk adages is unrefined for one excessively youthful, as is narrating; and on issues in which one is unpracticed it is senseless and shows absence of instruction. There is a sufficient indication of this: nation people are generally disposed to strike proverbs and promptly show themselves off. ( Aristotle On Rhetoric : A Theory of Civic Discourse, interpreted by George A. Kennedy, Oxford University Press, 1991) At last, we may remember this bit of certifiable shrewdness from Mark Twain: It is more difficulty to make a proverb than it is to do right.

English Comp (Eric) - 275 Words

English Comp (Eric) (Essay Sample) Content: WritingOrder 2195858 - English Comp Abstract Should a person who has been paid to do any form of public service be seen as a volunteer? This is a major question of interest which has been discussed by different members of the society. Such kind of question has been seen different individuals coming up different viewpoint on the issue and thus been coming up with their own forms of argumentation, thus bringing a new form of argument on the same. This paper will look into details about this question and thus giving some of the counter-argumentations which appear to delve much into the question as different individuals have been holding their own definitions of a public service volunteer.Introduction: A Person Paid to do Public Service is not a Volunteer Within a community, public service is necessary in promoting the living situations and making life much comfortable for all. In any given society, we have community organizers and workers whose roles are very elemental for the society, and which should be of great significance. This means that they should be willing to work favorably for the community and be able to achieve the goals which have been placed on their back. In that case, such public workers should be ready to help all members of the society and especially the old aged individuals and the disabled. This is very necessary since it does help in the realization of wellbeing within the community and at the very time be able to improve the realization of goals, thus being able to promote economic development and sustainability within the same society. This being the case, we might have a number of workers who might be paid for their services given to the public and also have volunteers. When it comes to such workers, there are a number of procedural engagements which should be put into consideration, and which shall be adopted towards defining the kind of engagement which the public service individuals shall be involved in.A Claim Involvin g the Question In real sense, any person who has been paid whenever engaged in any kind of public service, it shall be agreed that such an individual shall not be noted or agreed upon to be a volunteer. This person shall be agreed to be someone who is engaged in some employment, and whose roles have been defined by the kind of payment which he or she shall gain in the process with the kind of public service which defines him or her. Basically, as we shall note from this kind of understanding, a public service individual shall thus be known to be much of an employee rather than a volunteer. Volunteers would be willing to engage in community service and other practices which will not be defined by the amount of income obtained by the end of it all. This becomes the distinguishing point into which different individuals shall be referred to as workers or volunteers.A General Definition of Some Key Concept In the community today, there has been an increase in the number of the public ser vice workers whose roles have been able to touch a number of areas, and hence their kind of jobs and roles have been redefined and restructured by different individuals over the years. For instance, one of the most important points of argumentation has been on whether such individuals have been paid with allowances and salaries or wages, or whether they have been able to volunteer themselves. In that sense, this issue of a volunteer when it comes to community service and public work has been an interesting viewpoint of discussion. In that sense, there have been a number of argumentations towards when a public servant should be agreed as volunteers. In that sense, the commonly agreed on kind of understanding has been that all public service individuals who are paid should never in the least be noted to be volunteers. In that sense, the kind of understanding which should be noted here is that a community public service whom the people should view to be a volunteer should not be paid a t all, otherwise a new form of definition shall be eminent.A Careful Look at the Subject As we have been able to look from the above kind of definition, it shall take ones philanthropy and willingness to serve as a volunteer within our own society, and that being the case, such an individual shall be required to be in line with the willingness, and be ready to serve his own society relentlessly. This should thus be the common kind of understanding which should be adopted in the definition of who a volunteer public servant should be. This is so because a person who is receiving some remunerations and payments from the kind of job and work which has been done shall not be viewed to be a volunteer. Being a volunteer thus demands a higher form of calling which shall ensure that there has been appropriate engagement in helping the society at large without the need of being paid any kind of allowances during the course duration with the kind of duties and roles which the individual is pla ying. On the other hand, different individuals shall as well bring a counter argument in which the volunteer shall need to be given some rewards in form of cash while he himself is a volunteer. This thus does bring in a new kind of definition and argumentation on this issue, and the reason there has been a lot of conjecture on the kind of engagement which shall be no...

Privacy And Security A Technological World - 1356 Words

Megan Gabriel-King Dr. Johnson PHIL 3170-002 26 October 2014 Privacy vs. Security In a Technological World Since the September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in 2001, the subject of terrorism has played a major role in both politics and media. As America embarked on the war on terrorism, the government became much more aware that threats to our country were both internal and external. In this age of technology it is now more possible than ever to discretely use surveillance software on the American people without them ever knowing, as evidenced by the Edward Snowden scandal in which it was revealed that the NSA had violated citizens’ personal privacy in the name of national security. This revelation led to a large debate†¦show more content†¦I aim to evaluate the question of whether or not I would design the software in relation to each of the five principles. The first humanitarian principle is the valuation of life, Jacques Thiroux in the book â€Å"Ethics: Theory and Practice† describe this principle by stating, â€Å"Human beings should revere life and accept death.† This principle can be applied to the central question of designing software. The question then come to be: does invading personal privacy if it stops terrorism protect life? If I am just looking at this from the view point of the life valuation principle, the invasion of privacy is not going to cause any deaths. Furthermore, by designing this software lives would likely be saved. Therefore thus far with respect to the valuation of life principle, there is no ethical violation. The next principle is the principle of goodness or rightness. Thiroux states that there are three things that humanitarian ethics demands of humans which fall into two categories: beneficence and non-maleficence. He defines beneficence as, â€Å"Promoting goodness over badness.† When it comes to the main question, this principle is open for interpretation because in applying the principle the question dissolves into if it is â⠂¬Å"more good† to not write the software and protect privacy or if stopping terrorism is more good although

Application Of An Artificial Neural Network Essay

We have the previous workload information so we trained that workload information. First we normalize the value of the workload information by using the formula Where, M = is the maximum value along the particular column, X= is the maximum value along the particular column, Q= is the original value. Q’=is the normalized value. After Normalized the value we design an artificial neural network. 3.1 Artificial neural network In this structure of ANN we use the one input layer, one or more hidden layer, and one output layer. That structure we call MLP (multiple layer perceptron). On the input layer we use input layer 5 neurons. On the first hidden layer we are using the 5 neurons. And on the second hidden layer we use the 10 neurons. On the output layer we use the one neurons that predict the future load.NOW we train the workload information by using the Artificial neural network i.e. MLP structure. To Train the workload information aim is to find the set of weight values that will cause the output from the ANN to match to the target values as closely as possible. There several issues are arising when we train the neural network. First is selecting the number of hidden layer and neurons how much are used on the hidden layer. Second is to avoid the local minima and finding the globally optimal solution. To training the work load information first we need to divide the workload information. How much worklo ad information is used to train? How much workload information forShow MoreRelatedAn Evolving Diagnostic Decision Support System769 Words   |  4 PagesC.: Introduction to artificial intelligence. ISBN 048624864X,Courier Corporation (1985).† 5. SuzukiK.: Artificial neural networks: methodological advances and biomedical applications. InTech, ISBN-13: 9789533072432( 2011).† 6. Lingras P. J.: Rough neural network. In: Proc. of the 6th Int. 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Construction Law and Legislation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Construction Law and Legislation. Answer: Introduction: A law is defined as a rule that is made by the legitimate authority and is applicable to all. The laws are created to ensure that members of the society are aware of their obligations and their rights. The legal system of Australia considers all people as equal. The legal systems of the country ensure that every person is treated fairly in the eyes of law (McKendrick 2014). The Australian legal system is derived from the legal system of United Kingdom and the foundation of the legal system is the Constitution of the Country. The laws in the country are made in the following ways: Law passed by the Parliaments known as statutory laws; Laws developed by the executives known as delegated legislation which includes regulations, ordinances, rules etc that is authorized by the Parliament and the statute law; Law made by judges or courts using precedents known as judge-made or common laws; The source from which the laws of the country are derived is explained with the help of the following diagram: In order to legislate laws, a bill is presented in the Parliament, which after being passed by majority in both the Houses of the Parliament becomes a statute. The citizens residing in the country elect members comprise the Commonwealth Parliament who passes the laws. The laws passed by the State/Territory government are elected by persons residing within that particular territory / state and are enrolled as voters. The local councilors who pass the by-laws, comprising the Local government, are elected by members who reside within the locality or own any businesses within such governmental area (Gardbaum 2014). Delegated legislation refers to the law that deals with the details about the operation of the Act. The statutes passed by the Parliament often include certain parts that empower the Government Minister or another executive member to deal with the particular aspect of the legislation. Common law system of law making came into existence before the incorporation of the parliamentary system. Theoretically, the legal system of Australia is described as nine legal systems and not one, thus, comprising eight Territory/State systems and one Federal system. Since the legal system of the country has adopted the concept of separation of powers according to which the government is divided into three, separate branches- the legislative, executive and judiciary. The function of the legislative branch is to formulate the laws; the function of the executive branch is to implement those laws; the judiciary is conferred with the power to interpret the laws with a view to administer justice (Horan and Goodman-Delahunty 2014.). The Constitution of the Country conferred power on the Commonwealth Australia to make laws in particular matters stipulated in the Constitution. Such matters include defense, external affairs, taxation, trade and commerce (Rosenbloom 2016). On the other hand, the States and Territories have been conferred with independent legislative power for the matters that is not dealt with by the Commonwealth Australia. Some organizations and people such as the courts and tribunals, government departments, Ministers and police plays a significant role in the legal system of the country. The judicial system of the country comprises several courts that are conferred with the power to interpret the laws and administer justice. The hierarchy consists of various courts and tribunals at both the federal state and territory levels, with the High Court being the apex court in the legal system of the country. High Court of Australia In Australia, the High Court is considered as the apex court, which deals with matters related to the Constitution, and entertains appeal from the State or the Federal Courts. Federal Court of Australia the Federal Court of Australia comprises an appellate division and two divisions with original jurisdictions. The appellate division hears appeal from the division of the courts having original jurisdiction. It further entertains appeal from the State and Territory courts in respect of cases where the Federal Courts have exercised its jurisdiction. The two divisions of the original jurisdiction in the Federal Court include the General Division and Industrial Division. The General Division deals with matters related to the taxation, bankruptcy and the Industrial Division resolves Federal Industrial issues. Family Court Of Australia the Family Court of the country deals with maintenance of spouse and child, child custody, divorce cases. Several Family Court cases are resolved through mediation and counseling a service that is offered by the Court. The Full Court of the Family Court also deals with appellate matters. There are three levels of courts that comprises in most State and Territories, which are as follows: Lower Courts the Lower courts deals with both civil and criminal matters and in some Territories and States, the courts deal with the criminal and civil matters separately. The courts deal with less serious crimes and the civil matters are limited by a dollar value specified by the Territory or State. Childrens Court the court has jurisdiction to deal with cases related to children other than the matters that involve serious criminal cases. A person is considered as a child if he/she is below 17 years and in criminal cases persons who are above 10 years old and under 17 years of age. The cases dealt with this court include car theft, child protection orders. Coroners court- this court deal with matters that are related to unnatural fires and deaths. The Coroner is empowered to order an inquest for determining the cause of such death or fire and may subject a suspect to trial on the grounds of manslaughter, arson or murder. Intermediate Courts- the intermediate state courts deals with cases that are of serious indictable nature, be it criminal cases or civil cases. Such cases are dealt with by the court depending on the range of dollar values. Superior Courts- the state superior courts are known as Supreme Courts that deals with criminal cases and civil case. The original jurisdiction of the court deals with matters that are of most serious nature such as treason, murder etc. The Civil cases dealt with by this court are restricted to the specified dollar value. The Supreme Courts are known as Court of record and such records can be used for future references. The Court of Appeal deals with appellate matters that are brought before it from the original cases in the lower courts and the Supreme Court. The common law in Australia is inherited from the English contract Law. A agreement that is entered in to by two parties with the legal intention to be bound by the terms of the agreement is considered to be a contract. A contract includes certain essential elements that renders a contract valid and make it enforceable in the court of law. Not all agreements are contracts but all contracts are agreements. Any agreement that is not enforceable in the court of law shall not be considered as a contract. The essential elements that must be present in order to render the contract to be valid are explained below: Agreement- there must be an agreement between the parties as an unilateral contract cannot be considered as a valid contract. Offer- a contract is said to be formed when an offeror makes an offer to the offeree and the offeree accepts such offer. An offer differs from an invitation to treat or offer. An offer may be made to any person, or a group of person or the world at large. An invitation to treat or an invitation to offer is a mere invitation where the parties to the contract are not legally bound by the terms of the contract. For instance, the goods displayed in the store is an example of an invitation to offer (Adriaanse 2016). An offer is a definite promise that binds the parties provided the parties accept the terms of the contract. An offer can be withdrawn before acceptance and in order to make such withdrawal effective, the person making such offer must communicate to the person whom the offer is made that the offer is being withdrawn. Acceptance- when the party to whom the offer is made accepts the offer either by way of an act or by way of a statement, the offer is aid to be accepted. Such acceptance must be communicated to the offeror and must not be unequivocal in nature. Legal intention- mere existence of an agreement and an acceptance of offer does not imply that a contract is formed. The parties entering into then contract must have legal intention to be bound by the terms of the contract. Consideration- it is the value paid for the promise made by the other party. Consideration may include some money, interest, right, benefit. The presence of consideration is essential to determine the adequacy of the contract (Andrews 2015). Capacity- the parties entering into contract must be of sound mine and legally competent to enter into contracts. Certainty- the contract must be certain and the terms of the contract must be clear and comprehensible and must have a binding effect upon the parties to the contract. Legal purpose- a contract in order to be valid must have a legal purpose otherwise, it shall not be enforceable in the court of law. For instance, contract-killing agreement is considered as an illegal agreement as the legal purpose of the contract is to kill a person, which is an illegal act. Legality of contracts Any agreement that violates the law and is forbidden by law is considered as void contract. An agreement that is illegal in nature cannot be enforceable in the court of law. A contract can be considered as illegal under the following circumstances: firstly, when the object of the contract is illegal and secondly, if the object of the contract is legal but the manner of creating the contract is illegal (Taylor and Taylor 2017). Any contract that is against the public policy is considered as illegal contracts and cannot be enforced in the court of law such as contracts formed to commit torts and crimes. If one party fails to carry out his/ her part of the obligation, the person is said to have committed a breach of contract. The party who suffers loss due to the breach of the contract caused by the infringing party is entitled to the following remedies. The aggrieved party may claim damages from the infringing party for loss suffered by him/her. The aggrieved party may obtain a court order of specific performance that compels the infringing party to perform the obligation required by the contract. The aggrieved party may obtain a court order to terminate the contract or amend any of the terms of the contract. However, any act that does not amount to a valid contract or is unenforceable in the court of law shall not be considered as valid. If the either parties to the contract fails to perform his/her part of the obligation that was required by the contract, such party cannot sued for non-performance and no recourse can be taken against such parties when the contract is illegal and unenforceable (Burrows 2016). In the given article, the woman Christine Ryder alleged that Kevin Reeves had committed a breach of contract the purpose of which was to hire a hit man and kill Christine Ryder. The court held that Reeves is entitled to pay compensation to Mrs. Ryder. In order to determine whether there was a breach of contract on part of Kevin Reeves, it is essential to assess whether there was a valid contract between the parties to the contract. As discussed earlier there are certain essential elements that must be present to render a contract as valid. Offer and acceptance- Mrs. Ryder made an offer to Reeves for hiring someone who killed her as she was too depressed any wanted to end her life. Reeves accepted the offer made by the claimant. This implies that there was an offer made which was accepted by the defendant. Consideration- Mrs. Ryder paid 5000 to Reeves who promised to hire a professional killer who would kill her. The other party paid a monetary value to the claimant. Certainty- the claimant was very clear that she wished to terminate her life and wanted to hire a professional killer who could help her in ending her life. Capacity- both the claimant and the defendant were under treatment for their mental problems so it could not be ascertained that they were legally competent to enter into the contract. Legal capacity includes majority and soundness of mind. Legal objective- the legal objective of any contract is essential to render it as a valid contract. If the purpose of the contract is against public policy, it shall be considered as an illegal contract. In the given scenario, the purpose of the contract was to kill Mrs. Ryder, which amounts to a crime and is against public policy. The act of killing someone in exchange of money is an offence and is against the public policy, therefore, a contract that purports to kill someone and is against public policy cannot be rendered as valid and is unenforceable in the court of law. Legal intention- the legal intention of parties is essential in forming a valid contract, as the parties to a contract must be legally bound by the terms of the contract. The binding effect of a contract upon the parties to a contract is evidence that the parties will perform their respective obligations. In the given scenario, Mrs. Ryder has been paying the claimant for getting herself killed but the claimant instead, usurped her money promising her to kill on the subsequent date. The conduct of the defendant establishes the fact that he had no legal intention to kill her neither he wanted to hire any hit man to kill her. Lack of intention is another essential element that must be present in order to make the contract enforceable in the court of law (Goldberger 2016). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be inferred that there was no valid contract formed between Mrs. Ryder and Kevin Reeves as there was no legal intention on part of Reeves to be bound by the terms of the offer made by Mrs. Ryder. Further, legal object of the contract was illegal, hence, not enforceable in the courts of law and Reeves may use the defense that he cannot be held liable for non-performance of a illegal and invalid contract. Reference List Adriaanse, M.J., 2016.Construction contract law. 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